Hide
Show all
Email this article Scaffolding Assignments to Conciliate the Disinclination to Employ Project-Based Learning of English Pronunciation and Autodidacticism
(1) Universitas Negeri Jakarta, Indonesia
(2) Universitas Negeri Jakarta, Indonesia
(3) Universitas Negeri Jakarta, Indonesia
(4) Universitas Indonesia Esa Unggul, Indonesia
(*) Corresponding Author
DOI: https://doi.org/10.26858/ijole.v8i2.64087
Abstract
Acknowledged as a far-reaching pedagogical method, Project-Based Learning is nationally imperative in Indonesian education despite the disinclination of its execution. This paper scrutinizes the phonetics and phonology-based English pronunciation dimensions and scaffolding traits as the bases to devise the scaffolding assignments for PBL execution, explores the process of PBL with scaffolding assignment adoption, and examines whether the exertion of the PBL enhances the academic achievement of English pronunciation and autodidacticism as Self-Directed Learning skills. The study exploits design-based research through repetitive actions of analysing, designing, developing, implementing, and evaluating. The result exhibit that the scaffolding assignments are designed by decomposing the phonetics and phonology pronunciation-related conceptions into smaller tasks of English pronunciation learnings and trainings based on instructional scaffolding fundamentals. The scaffolding assignments infused PBL is applied through orientation, action, reflection, and presentation stages which cover the learning activities of launching the project as the entry event marked with the driving question disclosure; building knowledge, understanding, and skills to answer the driving question; developing the project products and answers to the driving question; and presenting the products and answers to the driving question. The exertion of the PBL with scaffolding assignments is proven influential in promoting the students’ English pronunciation and Self-Directed Learning skills.
Full Text:
PDFReferences
Abraham, A., & Jones, H. (2016). Facilitating student learning in accounting through scaffolded assessment. Issues in Accounting Education, 31(1), 29–49. 10.2308/iace-51320
Abrahamson, D. (2019). Scaffolded Daily Writing Assignments Introducing the Writing of Mathematical Proofs. Prompt: A Journal of Academic Writing Assignments, 3(1). https://doi.org/10.31719/pjaw.v3i1.30
Alek, A., & Nguyen, V. T. . (2023). Verbal Phatic Expressions in EFL Student Teachers’ Classroom Interaction. Journal of Language Learning and Assessment, 1(1), 44–56. Retrieved from https://e-journal.naifaderu.org/index.php/jlla/article/view/71
Almulla, M. A. (2020). The Effectiveness of the Project-Based Learning (PBL) Approach as a Way to Engage Students in Learning. SAGE Open. https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244020938702
Ambalegin, & Arianto, T. (2019). A phonology-based study: english pronunciation inconsistency. KnE Social Sciences. https://doi.org/10.18502/kss.v3i19.4834
Anazifa, R. D., & Djukri. (2017). Project- based learning and problem- based learning: Are they effective to improve student’s thinking skills? Jurnal Pendidikan IPA Indonesia. https://doi.org/10.15294/jpii.v6i2.11100
Araya, A. B. (2019). Autodidacticism and reading: A Mistralian counterpedagogy (1928-1954). In Revista Chilena de Literatura. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0718-22952019000100177
Aslan, S., Reigeluth, C. M., & Thomas, D. (2014). Transforming education with self-directed project-based learning: The Minnesota New Country school. Educational Te.
Azizah SBH, R. T., & Susanti, A. (2021). The Correlation Between Students’ Speaking Skills And Self-Directed Learning In Virtual English Community. Paramasastra. https://doi.org/10.26740/paramasastra.v8n2.p146-163
Bagheri, M., Ali, W. Z. W., Abdullah, M. C. B., & Daud, S. M. (2020). Effects of Project-based Learning Strategy on Self-directed Learning Skills of Educational Technology Students. Contemporary Educational Technology. https://doi.org/10.30935/cedtech/6089
Bellés-Calvera, L., & Bellés-Fortunõ, B. (2018). Teaching English pronunciation with OERs: The case of Voki. Sintagma. https://doi.org/10.21001/sintagma.2018.30.04
Boss, S., & Larmer, J. (2018). Project based teaching: How to create rigorous and engaging learning experiences. ASCD.
Brockett, R. G., and Hiemstra, R. (1991). Self Direction in Adult Learning Perspectives: on Theory, Research and Practice. London; New York, NY: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429457319
Brooks, L. J., & Kerschen, K. (2022). Life Beyond the Classroom: Project‐Based Learning in a World Language Writing Course. Die Unterrichtspraxis/Teaching German. https://doi.org/10.1111/tger.12196
Burns, A. M. (2020). Using technology with elementary music approaches. In Using Technology with Elementary Music Approaches. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190055646.001.0001
Cao, R. (2016). Improving english pronunciation teaching and learning via speech corpora of learners with dialectal backgrounds. International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning. https://doi.org/10.3991/ijet.v11i04.5461
Cardinale, J. A., & Johnson, B. C. (2017). Metacognition modules: A scaffolded series of online assignments designed to improve students’ study skills. Journal of Microbiology & Biology Education, 18(1), 11–18. 10.1128/jmbe.v18i1.1212
Cardoso, L. M. ., Aeni, N. ., & Muthmainnah, M. (2023). Mobilizing Metacognitive Strategies Through Zoom for EFL Classrooms: An Innovative Practice Amidst Covid 19. Journal of Language Learning and Assessment, 1(1), 19–25. Retrieved from https://e-journal.naifaderu.org/index.php/jlla/article/view/77
Centre for Teaching Excellence, University of Waterloo. (1992-2024). Independent Studies: Readiness to Learn. Centre for Teaching Excellence, University of Waterloo. https://uwaterloo.ca/centre-for-teaching-excellence/catalogs/tip-sheets/independent-studies-readiness-learn, 2023).
Chatwattana, P., & Nilsook, P. (2017). A web-based learning system using project-based learning and Imagineering. International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning. https://doi.org/10.3991/ijet.v12i05.6344
Chen, C. H., & Yang, Y. C. (2019). Revisiting the effects of project-based learning on students’ academic achievement: A meta-analysis investigating moderators. In Educational Research Review. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.edurev.2018.11.001
Chen, H. C., & Wang, Q. (2016). Development and application of a corpus-based online pronunciation learning system for Chinese learners of english. In English Teaching and Learning. https://doi.org/10.6330/ETL.2016.40.2.04
Cheng, L., Wang, M., Chen, Y., Niu, W., Hong, M., & Zhu, Y. (2022). Design My Music Instrument: A Project-Based Science, Technology, Engineering, Arts, and Mathematics Program on The Development of Creativity. Frontiers in Psychology. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.763948
Chew, B. S., Chia, C. L., & Teo, F. (2019). Work in progress: Self-directed approach for project based learning activity. IEEE Global Engineering Education Conference, EDUCON. https://doi.org/10.1109/EDUCON.2019.8725051
Cohen, A. J., & Williams, A. L. (2019). Scalable, scaffolded writing assignments with online peer review in a large introductory economics course. The Journal of Economic Education, 50(4), 371–387. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220485.2019.1654951
Cucchiarini, C., Nejjari, W., & Strik, H. (2012). My Pronunciation Coach: Improving English pronunciation with an automatic coach that listens. Language Learning in Higher Education. https://doi.org/10.1515/cercles-2011-0024
Eickholt, J., Jogiparthi, V., Seeling, P., Hinton, Q., & Johnson, M. (2019). Supporting project-based learning through economical and flexible learning spaces. Education Sciences. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci9030212
Fu, J. S., & Yang, S. H. (2019). Exploring how YouGlish facilitates EFL learners’ speaking competence. Educational Technology and Society.
Garnjost, P., & Lawter, L. (2019). Undergraduates’ satisfaction and perceptions of learning outcomes across teacher- and learner-focused pedagogies. International Journal of Management Education. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijme.2019.03.004
Gilakjani, A. P. (2017). English pronunciation instruction: Views and recommendations. Journal of Language Teaching and Research. https://doi.org/10.17507/jltr.0806.30
Gunawan, G., Muh. Faizal R., & Wulandari, S. (2024). A Systematic Review of EFL Students’ Self-Efficacy in The Learning Context. Journal of Language Learning and Assessment, 2(1), 31–40. Retrieved from https://e-journal.naifaderu.org/index.php/jlla/article/view/106
Guo, P., Saab, N., Post, L. S., & Admiraal, W. (2020). A review of project-based learning in higher education: Student outcomes and measures. International Journal of Educational Research. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijer.2020.101586
Haryadi, S, H., & Aprianoto, A. (2020). Integrating “English Pronunciation” App Into Pronunciation Teaching: How It Affects Students’ Participation And Learning. Journal of Languages and Language Teaching. https://doi.org/10.33394/jollt.v8i2.2551
Hafner, Christoph & Chik, Alice & Jones, Rodney. (2015). Digital literacies and language learning. Language, Learning and Technology. 19. 1-7.
Hawkins, M. W. (2018). Self-directed learning as related to learning strategies, self-regulation, and autonomy in an English language program: A local application with global implications. Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching. https://doi.org/10.14746/ssllt.2018.8.2.12
Hermans, F., Sloep, P., & Kreijns, K. (2017). Teacher professional development in the contexts of teaching English pronunciation. International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41239-017-0059-9
Hira, A., & Anderson, E. (2021). Motivating online learning through project-based learning during the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic. IAFOR Journal of Education. https://doi.org/10.22492/ije.9.2.06
Hossein-Mohand, H., Trujillo-Torres, J. M., Gómez-García, M., Hossein-Mohand, H., & Campos-Soto, A. (2021). Analysis of the use and integration of the flipped learning model, project-based learning, and gamification methodologies by secondary school mathematics teachers. Sustainability (Switzerland). https://doi.org/10.3390/su13052606
Hsu, L. (2016). An empirical examination of EFL learners’ perceptual learning styles and acceptance of ASR-based computer-assisted pronunciation training. Computer Assisted Language Learning. https://doi.org/10.1080/09588221.2015.1069747
Husnia, Nur, S., & Abduh, A. (2023). Students’ Learning Styles in Blended English Learning in an Indonesian Private School. Journal of Language Learning and Assessment, 1(1), 26–43. Retrieved from https://e-journal.naifaderu.org/index.php/jlla/article/view/68
Hussein, B. (2021). Addressing collaboration challenges in project-based learning: The student’s perspective. Education Sciences. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci11080434
Ibrahim, I. A., Abduh, A., & Korompot, C. A. . (2023). English Teachers’ Strategies in Creating Formative Test Questions in a Public High School. Journal of Language Learning and Assessment, 1(2), 81–87. Retrieved from https://e-journal.naifaderu.org/index.php/jlla/article/view/102
Ibrahim, S., Francis Noyan, J., Metomand, L., Ismail, I., Yusrina Bujang Khedif, L., & Metom, L. (2019). Students’ Perceptions towards Multimedia Elements in Sounds and Pronounce Interactive Software (SPISE) for English. Journal of Creative Practices in Language Learning and Teaching (CPLT).
Jennett, P. A. (1992). Self-directed learning: a pragmative view. J. Cont. Educ. Health Profess. 12, 99–104. doi: 10.1002/chp.4750120208
Kan, J.-S., Shin, M.-S., & Kwon, M.-S. (2016). The Effects of Project-Based Flipped Learning Model on Self-Directed Learning Ability, Self-Leadership and Learning Competency. Journal of Fisheries and Marine Sciences Education. https://doi.org/10.13000/jfmse.2016.28.5.1478
Karlina, Y., Rahman, A., & Chowdhury, R. (2020). Designing Phonetic Alphabet for Bahasa Indonesia (PABI) for the teaching of intelligible English pronunciation in Indonesia. Indonesian Journal of Applied Linguistics. https://doi.org/10.17509/ijal.v9i3.23223
Kelly, C., & Brower, C. (2017). Making meaning through media: Scaffolding academic and critical media literacy with texts about schooling. Journal of Adolescent & Adult Literacy, 60(6), 655–666. https://doi.org/10.1002/jaal.614
Kemendikbud. (2021). Keputusan Menteri Pendidikan Dan Kebudayaan Republik Indonesia Nomor 3/M/2021 Tentang Indikator Kinerja Utama Perguruan Tinggi Negeri Dan Lembaga Layanan Pendidikan Tinggi Di Kementerian Pendidikan Dan Kebudayaan.
Kershaw, G., Grivna, M., Elbarazi, I., AliHassan, S., Aziz, F., & Al Dhaheri, A. I. (2017). Integrating public health and health promotion practice in the medical curriculum: A self-directed team-based project approach. Frontiers in Public Health. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2017.00193
Killpack, T. L., Fulmer, S. M., Roden, J. A., Dolce, J. L., & Skow, C. D. (2020). Increased scaffolding and inquiry in an introductory biology lab enhance experimental design skills and sense of scientific ability. Journal of Microbiology & Biology Education, 21(2), 21–22. 10.1128/jmbe.v21i2.2143
Kim, K. J. (2020). Project-based learning approach to increase medical student empathy. Medical Education Online. https://doi.org/10.1080/10872981.2020.1742965
Knowles, M. S. (1975). Self-Directed Learning: A Guide for Learners and Teachers. Cambridge: Englewood Cliffs.
Kosasih, M. M. (2021). Factors affecting indonesian students in learning english pronunciation. International Research in Higher Education. https://doi.org/10.5430/irhe.v6n3p13
Larmer, J., Mergendoller, J., & Boss, S. (2015). Setting the standard for project based learning. ASCD.
Larson, J., Jordan, S. S., Lande, M., & Weiner, S. (2020). Supporting Self-directed learning in a project-based embedded systems design course. IEEE Transactions on Education. https://doi.org/10.1109/TE.2020.2975358
Lemmetty, S. (2021). Employee opportunities for self-directed learning at technology organisations: features and frames of self-directed learning projects. Studies in Continuing Education. https://doi.org/10.1080/0158037X.2020.1765758
Lennon, P. (2020). The foundations of teaching English as a foreign language. In The Foundations of Teaching English as a Foreign Language. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429285998
Li, J. (2018). English pronunciation curriculum model on reading assistant SRS: Constructivism view. Kuram ve Uygulamada Egitim Bilimleri. https://doi.org/10.12738/estp.2018.5.024
Liang, C., & Shang, J. (2021). Optimization of computer-aided english pronunciation training data analysis system. Computer-Aided Design and Applications. https://doi.org/10.14733/CADAPS.2021.S4.37-48
Liu, X., Xu, M., Li, M., Han, M., Chen, Z., Mo, Y., Chen, X., & Liu, M. (2019). Improving English pronunciation via automatic speech recognition technology. International Journal of Innovation and Learning. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJIL.2019.097674
Logan, R. M., Johnson, C. E., & Worsham, J. W. (2021). Development of an e-learning module to facilitate student learning and outcomes. Teaching and Learning in Nursing. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.teln.2020.10.007
Lu, Q. (2021). A new project-based learning in english writing. International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning. https://doi.org/10.3991/ijet.v16i05.21271
Ma, L., & Lei, Y. (2020). Optimization of computer aided english pronunciation teaching system based on speech signal processing technology. Computer-Aided Design and Applications. https://doi.org/10.14733/cadaps.2021.S3.129-140
MacLeod, M., & van der Veen, J. T. (2020). Scaffolding interdisciplinary project-based learning: a case study. European Journal of Engineering Education. https://doi.org/10.1080/03043797.2019.1646210
Mahmud, A. F. ., Idul, M. ., & Sarmadani, S. (2024). Research Gap on Differentiated Learning in The EFL Classroom: A Conceptual Framework. Journal of Language Learning and Assessment, 2(1), 7–19. Retrieved from https://e-journal.naifaderu.org/index.php/jlla/article/view/108
Markham, T., Larmer, J., & Ravitz, J. L. (2003). Project based learning handbook: A guide to standards-focused project based learning for middle and high school teachers. Buck Institute for Education.
Maros, M., Korenkova, M., Fila, M., Levicky, M., & Schoberova, M. (2021). Project-based learning and its effectiveness: evidence from Slovakia. Interactive Learning Environments. https://doi.org/10.1080/10494820.2021.1954036
Mayende Kiwelu, J. E., & Ogbonna, J. E. (2020). Integrating online autodidacticism in lifelong learning for adults in sub-saharan africa. Journal of Applied Sciences, Information, and Computing. 10.59568/JASIC-2020-1-1-06
Melkonian, L. (2022). Self-directed learning is the key to new skills and knowledge. Mode of Access: Https://Www. Betterup. Com/Blog/Self-Directed-Learning.–Date of Access, 7(07.2022).
Mohan, B. A. (2019). Philosophical foundation, theoretical approaches, and gaps in the literature. In Global Perspectives on Project-Based Language Learning, Teaching, and Assessment. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429435096-1
Monk, J. M., & Newton, G. (2018). Use of a Scaffolded Case Study Assignment to Enhance Students’ Scientific Literacy Skills in Undergraduate Nutritional Science Education: Comparison between Traditional Lecture and Distance Education Course Formats. International Journal of Higher Education, 7(2), 95–106. 10.5430/ijhe.v7n2p95
Nakada, A., Kobayashi, M., Okada, Y., Namiki, A., & Hiroi, N. (2017). Project-based learning. Journal of the Medical Society of Toho University. Https://doi.org/10.14994/Tohoigaku, 10.
Nanni, A. (2020). Leveraging Students’ Digital Literacy through Project-Based Learning Alexander Nanni Mahidol University International College, Thailand Kerry Pusey. Senior Editors: Paul Robertson and John Adamson, 24(1), 141.
Nizhenkovska, I., Reva, T., Chkhalo, O., & Holovchenko, O. (2020). Technology-driven self-directed learning of graduate pharmaceutists: Adding value through entrepreneurship. International Journal of Learning, Teaching and Educational Research. https://doi.org/10.26803/ijlter.19.6.7
Nurbekova, Z., Tolganbaiuly, T., Nurbekov, B., Sagimbayeva, A., & Kazhiakparova, Z. (2020). Project-based learning technology: An example in programming microcontrollers. International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning. https://doi.org/10.3991/IJET.V15I11.13267
Octaviana, D. W. (2019). English Pronunciation Errors By Sundanese Speakers. JOURNEY (Journal of English Language and Pedagogy). https://doi.org/10.33503/journey.v1i2.297
Pardede, P. (2018). Improving EFL Students’ English Pronunciation by Using the Explicit Teaching Approach. JET (Journal of English Teaching). https://doi.org/10.33541/jet.v4i3.852
Pourhosein Gilakjani, A., & Rahimy, R. (2020). Using computer-assisted pronunciation teaching (CAPT) in English pronunciation instruction: A study on the impact and the Teacher’s role. Education and Information Technologies. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-019-10009-1
Pourhosein Gilakjani, A., & Sabouri, N. B. (2016). Why Is English Pronunciation Ignored by EFL Teachers in Their Classes? International Journal of English Linguistics. https://doi.org/10.5539/ijel.v6n6p195
Pourhosein Gilakjani, A., & Sabouri, N. B. (2017). Advantages of using computer in teaching english pronunciation. International Journal of Research in English Education. https://doi.org/10.18869/acadpub.ijree.2.3.78
Ramdani, A., Musa, N. A. ., Nurchalis, N. F. ., & Dahlan, S. (2024). Research Gap on Oral Corrective Feedback in Second Language Acquisition Theory - Affective Filter Analysis: A Conceptual Framework. Journal of Language Learning and Assessment, 2(1), 24–30. Retrieved from https://e-journal.naifaderu.org/index.php/jlla/article/view/110
Remache Carrillo, N. M., Robayo Dávalos, G. A., & Yanez Valle, V. V. (2019). The influence of project-based learning approach in the english oral production. Explorador Digital. https://doi.org/10.33262/exploradordigital.v3i3.1.880
Roberson, D. N. (2005). Self-directed learning. Past and present. In Online Submission.
Sakulvirikitkul, P., Sintanakul, K., & Srisomphan, J. (2020). The design of a learning process for promoting teamwork using project-based learning and the concept of agile software development. International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning. https://doi.org/10.3991/ijet.v15i03.10480
Santhoshi, R. (2021). Improving Pronunciation for Non-Native Speakers Using Neural Networks. International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology. https://doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.37234
Santyasa, I. W., Rapi, N. K., & Sara, I. W. W. (2020). Project based learning and academic procrastination of students in learning physics. International Journal of Instruction. https://doi.org/10.29333/iji.2020.13132a
Saulnier, J., Johnson, C. M., & Whalen, K. (2021). Scaffolded research assignment analysis for a required first year course. The Journal of Academic Librarianship, 47(1), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acalib.2020.102293
Sefton-Green, J. (2019). Towards a cultural history of digital autodidacticism: changing cultural narratives of education. Perspectiva. https://doi.org/10.5007/2175-795x.2019.e52964
Shen, N. (2018). Design of online teaching effect test system of english pronunciation based on web database. Kuram ve Uygulamada Egitim Bilimleri. https://doi.org/10.12738/estp.2018.5.079
Silva, M. O., & Da Silva Guerra, D. C. (2020). A genre-based approach to the teaching of pronunciation . LínguaTec. https://doi.org/10.35819/linguatec.v5.n2.4612 https://doi.org/ 10.35819/linguatec.v5.n2.4612
Skene, A., & Fedko, S. (2014). Instructional scaffolding. Scarborough: Center for Teching and Learning University Toronto.
Slot, M. F. (2015). Scaffolding students’ assignments. IARTEM E-Journal.
Stewart, R. A. (2007). Investigating the link between self directed learning readiness and project-based learning outcomes: the case of international Masters students in an engineering management course. European Journal of Engineering Education. https://doi.org/10.1080/03043790701337197
Sugiarto, R., Prihantoro, P., & Edy, S. (2020). The Impact of Shadowing Technique on Tertiary Students’ English Pronunciation. Linguists : Journal Of Linguistics and Language Teaching. https://doi.org/10.29300/ling.v6i1.3298
Sumarni, W., & Kadarwati, S. (2020). Ethno-stem project-based learning: Its impact to critical and creative thinking skills. Jurnal Pendidikan IPA Indonesia. https://doi.org/10.15294/jpii.v9i1.21754
Suprayogi, Y., Luckyardi, S., Kurnia, D. ., & Khairusy, M. A. . (2024). Language Skills in Business Context: A Bibliometric Analysis Using the VOS Viewer Application. Journal of Language Learning and Assessment, 2(1), 1–6. Retrieved from https://e-journal.naifaderu.org/index.php/jlla/article/view/109
Tedick, D. J., & Lyster, R. (2019). Scaffolding language development in immersion and dual language classrooms. Routledge.
Tekkol, İ. A., & Demirel, M. (2018). An investigation of self-directed learning skills of undergraduate students. Frontiers in psychology, 9, 2324.
Tong, W. . (2024). A Validation Study of a Self-Assessment Questionnaire for Middle School Students’ Self-Presentation Skills. Journal of Language Learning and Assessment, 2(1), 20–23. Retrieved from https://e-journal.naifaderu.org/index.php/jlla/article/view/107
Trooster, W., Goei, S. L., Ticheloven, A., Oprins, E., van de Boer-Visschedijk, G., Corbalan, G., & Van Schaik, M. (2017). The Effectiveness of the Game LINGO Online: A Serious Game for English Pronunciation. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-0861-0_9
Ummah, S. K., Inam, A., & Azmi, R. D. (2019). Creating manipulatives: Improving students’ creativity through project-based learning. Journal on Mathematics Education. https://doi.org/10.22342/jme.10.1.5093.93-102
van Zyl, S., & Mentz, E. (2021). Deeper self-directed learning for the 21st century and beyond. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-7661-8.ch004
Vančová, H. (2019). Current Issues in pronunciation teaching to non-native learners of English. Journal of Language and Cultural Education. https://doi.org/10.2478/jolace-2019-0015
Vreman‐de Olde, C., & de Jong, T. (2006). Scaffolding learners in designing investigation assignments for a computer simulation. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 22(1), 63–73. 10.1111/j.1365-2729.2006.00160.x
Webster, S., & Green, S. (2021). Scaffolded Practice assignment writing to support emergent disciplinary literacies. TESL-EJ, 25(1), n1.
Wen, X. (2017). Research on transformation from patterning education to autodidacticism of ideological and political education. Agro Food Industry Hi-Tech. 10.1109/KORUS.2004.1555765
Wood, D., Bruner, J. S., & Ross, G. (1976). The role of tutoring in problem solving. Child Psychology & Psychiatry & Allied Disciplines. 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1976.tb00381.x
Xiao, W., & Park, M. (2021). Using automatic speech recognition to facilitate english pronunciation assessment and learning in an EFL context: Pronunciation error diagnosis and pedagogical implications. International Journal of Computer-Assisted Language Learning and Teaching. https://doi.org/10.4018/IJCALLT.2021070105
Xue, X., & Dunham, R. E. (2021). Using a SPOC-based flipped classroom instructional mode to teach English pronunciation. Computer Assisted Language Learning. https://doi.org/10.1080/09588221.2021.1980404
Yang, J. H., Cho, B. R., & Hwang, I. S. (2020). Effects of CELL curriculum participation on college students’ learning flow, learning motivation, academic self-efficacy, and self-directed learning ability. Journal of Digital Convergence.
Y. Shen, A. Yasukagawa, D. Saito, N. Minematsu, and K. Saito, “Optimized prediction of fluency of l2 english based on interpretable network using quantity of phonation and quality of pronunciation,” in 2021 IEEE Spoken Language Technology Workshop (SLT), 2021, pp. 698–704.
Yusriati, Y., & Hasibuan, S. H. (2019). The analysis of english pronunciation errors by English education students of FKIP UMSU. Journal of English Education and Teaching. https://doi.org/10.33369/jeet.3.2.230-248
Yustina, Syafii, W., & Vebrianto, R. (2020). The effects of blended learning and project-based learning on pre-service biology teachers’ creative thinking skills through online learning in the COVID-19 pandemic. Jurnal Pendidikan IPA Indonesia. https://doi.org/10.15294/jpii.v9i3.24706
Zendel, B. R., & Alexander, E. J. (2020). Autodidacticism and music: Do self-taught musicians exhibit the same auditory processing advantages as formally trained musicians? Frontiers in Neuroscience. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2020.00752
Article Metrics
Abstract view : 25 times | PDF view : 8 timesRefbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
License URL: https://creativecommons.org/
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.