MALCOLM X'S PHILOSOPHY OF VIOLENCE: A PHILOSOPHICAL PARADIGM FOR SOCIAL LIBERATION OF THE BLACK RACE TOWARDS CONFLICT RESOLUTION, PEACE AND EQUALITY

Eyo Emmanuel Bassey; Ejesi Edwin C; Edor J. Edor

doi:10.56680/slj.v1i3.16436

MALCOLM X'S PHILOSOPHY OF VIOLENCE: A PHILOSOPHICAL PARADIGM FOR SOCIAL LIBERATION OF THE BLACK RACE TOWARDS CONFLICT RESOLUTION, PEACE AND EQUALITY

Eyo Emmanuel Bassey^(1*), Ejesi Edwin C⁽²⁾, Edor J. Edor⁽³⁾,

(1) Department of Philosophy University of Calabar, Calabar
(2) Department of Philosophy University of Calabar, Calabar
(3) Department of Philosophy University of Calabar, Calabar
(*) Corresponding Author

DOI: https://doi.org/10.56680/slj.v1i3.16436

Abstract

Malcolm X's advocacy of violence for the liberation of the black race in America has been a recondite and rare contribution in the paradigm of conflict resolution, peace and equality. the uniqueness of his proposal and reliance on violence in American social and political history has been hinged on unalterable conditions and creative restrictiveness upon which the black Americans were conscripted to live within this ambiance of dehumanized conditions. Malcolm X's philosophy was truly understood as a paradigm for struggle and revolutionary. Intentions for oppressed masses who were mainly blacks were traumatized by the actions and intentions of white American authorities. In this paper, we intend to show that Malcolm X's mission was to overcome the white American Supremacist tendencies and sermons were the black Americans who were continuously compelled to live within these enslaved conditions. And his vision was to create and extol black virtue, pence and equality in American society. Within these frames of his mission and vision, it is apparent that most times violence could be an assertive paradigm for conflict resolution, peace and equality of all human race

Keywords

Violence, Social Liberation, Black race, Peace, equality and conflict resolution

Full Text:

PDF

References

Cone, J. H. (2001). Martin and Malcolm on Nonviolence and Violence. Phylon (1960-), 49(3/4), 173. https://doi.org/10.2307/3132627

Corrigan, L. M. (2017). 50 Years Later: Commemorating the Life and Death of Malcolm X. Howard Journal of Communications, 28(2), 144–159. https://doi.org/10.1080/10646175.2017.1288179

Dabscheck, B., & Gottheimer, J. (2004). Ripples of Hope: Great American Civil Rights Speeches. Labour History, 86, 211. https://doi.org/10.2307/27515982

Eyo, E. B. (2019). Jesus Christ the philosopher: An exposé. International Journal of Philosophy and Theology, 7(2), 20-27.

Eyo, E. B., & Essien, A. E. (2017). Frantz Fanon’s Philosophy of Violence and the Participation of Intellectuals in the Advancement of Social Liberation in Africa. Journal of Pan African Studies, 10(3), 62-75.

Eyo, E. B., & Essien, A. E. (2017). Frantz Fanon's Philosophy of Violence and the Participation of Intellectuals in the Advancement of Social Liberation in Africa. Journal of Pan African Studies, 10(3), 62-75.

Eyo, E. B., & Etta, E. E. (2020). Ubuntu’s philosophy and the challenge of Xenophobia: towards peace in Africa. International Journal of Humanities and Innovation (IJHI), 3(1), 39-43.

Eyo, E. B., & Francis, D. A. I. (2017). A colloquy on violence and non-violence: towards a complementary conflict resolution. American journal of social issues and humanities, 7(2), 137-150.

Eyo, E. B., & Ojong, F. O. (2008). Peace and conflict resolution as a foundation for national development. Sophia: An African Journal of Philosophy, 11(1).

Foley, G., Schaap, A., & Howell, E. (2013). The aboriginal Tent Embassy: Sovereignty, black power, land rights and the state. In The Aboriginal Tent Embassy: Sovereignty, Black Power, Land Rights and the State. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203771235

Gillespie, A. (2005). Malcolm X and his autobiography: Identity development and self-narration. Culture and Psychology, 11(1), 77–88. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354067X05050746

Harris, B. (1992). Review of The Victims of Democracy: Malcolm X and the Black Revolution. Contemporary Psychology: A Journal of Reviews, 37(2), 176–176. https://doi.org/10.1037/031935

Malcolm, X., Haley, A. (1968). The Auto Biography of Malcolm X. London: Penguin Books.

Marie, L. (2018). The Power of Words a Compendium of Great Speeches from World Leaders. Chicago: Lulu Press.

Paul, W. G., & Wolfenstein, E. V. (1982). The Victims of Democracy: Malcolm X and the Black Revolution. The History Teacher, 15(4), 626. https://doi.org/10.2307/493494

Terrill, R. E. (2010). The Cambridge companion to Malcolm X. In The Cambridge Companion to Malcolm X. https://doi.org/10.1017/CCOL9780521515900

Watts, L. S. (2019). Reimaging America: The arts of social change and the autobiography of malcolm X. Radical Teacher, 113, 33–34. https://doi.org/10.5195/rt.2019.581