Implementation of the City Without Slums Program in Makassar City

The slum area in the city of Makassar is in the heavy slum category, namely 288.85 Ha which is divided into 36 sub-districts out of 127 sub-districts in the city of Makassar. This research was conducted aiming to find out how the Implementation of the City Without Slums Program in Makassar City. The research method used is a qualitative approach with a focus on implementation theory by G. Shabbir Cheema and Dennis A. Rondinelli (1983). Sources of research data used secondary data and primary data with data collection techniques of observation, interviews and documentation as well as data analysis techniques used were data collection, data condensation, data presentation and variation/conclusion. The research results are Of the four variable parameters for implementation success, three variables were good and one variable was considered not well implemented, ie 1. The condition of the environment is not good. 2. Relations between organizations are going well. 3. Organizational resources are running well 4. The Characteristics and Skills of the Executing Agent are going well


INTRODUCTION
Nationally, housing needs are relatively large, including: unmet housing needs (backlog) of around 4.3 million units; the annual growth in the need for new houses of around 800 thousand units; as well as the need to improve the quality of housing that does not meet the livable requirements of around 13 million housing units. The above conditions clearly lead to environmental problems, especially downtown (inner-city) which will create sick districts and neighborhoods which can be indicated by the emergence of slums and squatters (Legarias et al., 2020;Surya et al., 2018), traffic congestion and congestion (Ahmed et al., 2019;Dano et al., 2020), damage to waterfront areas (Adeniran, 2018;Helmer, 1992), riverbanks and seashores (Fitrinitia et al., 2018), chaos in public spaces (public domain, public space, public easement) (Anjaria, 2006), pedestrian environment (Kyle, 2007), urban ecological unsustainability and nonuniformity city morphology and typology (Lassandro et al., 2018;Tumini et al., 2016) Slum areas, although unwanted, must be recognized that their presence in regional and urban development is unavoidable (Legarias et al., 2020;Pathak & Manapurath, 2021;Rusnaedy & Haris, 2021;Surya et al., 2018). In accordance with the mandate of Law no. 1 of 2011 that the state is responsible for protecting the entire Indonesian nation through the provision of housing and residential areas so that people are able to live and live in decent and affordable housing in healthy, safe, harmonious and sustainable housing throughout Indonesia. Regulation of the Minister of Public Works and Public Housing (PUPR) No. 2 of 2016 concerning Prevention and Quality Improvement of Slum Housing and Slums. In line with the efforts to create cities without slums, livable and sustainable through the national program, namely Cities Without Slums, hereinafter abbreviated as KOTAKU. The Kotaku program is a medium-term development program run by the Ministry of Public Works and Public Housing to address slum settlements in big cities in Indonesia since 2016. Makassar City is the capital of South Sulawesi Province with a population of 1,652,305 people with an area of 199.26 km2. Makassar City is a city that ranks as the fifth largest city in Indonesia.
In 2018, the area of slum settlements in the city of Makassar was in the severe slum category, namely 288.85 hectares which were divided into 36 sub-districts out of 127 sub-districts in the city of Makassar. There are indicators indicating that the location of slum settlements in the city of Makassar is building irregularity, inadequate environmental roads, poor drainage conditions, unavailability of access to drinking water, waste water management that is not in accordance with standards, and so on.
The Kotaku program is an effort by the Directorate General of Cipta Karya of the Ministry of Public Works and Public Housing to accelerate the handling of slums in Indonesia and support the "100-0-100 Movement", namely 100% access to drinking water, 0% slums, and 100% access to proper sanitation. As a program created by the central government, its implementation depends on the actions of implementers at both the central and regional levels in realizing responsible regional autonomy (Wijaya, 2017) The problem of slums in various urban villages in Makassar City such as Makassar Village, Ujung Pandang, Pannampu is affected by urbanization. In the process of urbanization, migrants generally with low average economic conditions (MBR) have the potential to occupy settlements in cemeteries and around trade centers. the phenomenon of slums in the urban village of Makassar City, namely; the irregularity of residential buildings, the unfitness of residential buildings, the condition of the road network is damaged, the drainage quality is poor, and access to drinking water is not fulfilled. The causes of these slum phenomena are due to increased population density, limited land for settlements, low level of public awareness of the environment, and low income levels of the community. If this condition is not resolved immediately, it can lead to urban chaos, prone to flooding, and prone to fires increases, housing becomes uncomfortable, and can give rise to new slum problems.
For this reason, it is necessary to know how far the implementation of the Kotaku program is in an effort to reduce the area of slum settlements using the model of G. Shabbir Cheema and Dennis A. Rondinelli (1983) which has four variables in determining the success of implementing a policy. As for the four variables, namely a. environmental conditions, which identify and analyze the environmental conditions of policy recipients, related to the constraints faced by resources in the implementation process, and the resulting socio-cultural impacts; b. interorganizational relations, in this case looking at the division of functions between agencies, clarity and consistency of program objectives, as well as the quality of communication and coordination; c. organizational resources for program implementation, in this case the human resources involved, control over budgeting, as well as implementation support resources; d. the characteristics and capabilities of the executing agency, in this case the capability of the implementer in program implementation, the ability to coordinate and communicate internally well between agencies and the target group.

METHOD
The research method used is a qualitative approach. The steps are owned and carried out by researchers in order to collect information or data and conduct investigations on the data that has been obtained. This type of research is descriptive research. The focus of this research is on the Implementation of the KOTAKU Program with variable dimensions of measurement 1. Environmental conditions; 2. Relations between organizations; 3. Organizational resources for program implementation; 4. Characteristics and capabilities of implementing agents.
Research resources used secondary data and primary data with data collection techniques through observation, interviews and documentation using qualitative data analysis techniques with four paths, namely data collection, data condensation, data presentation, and verification/conclusion.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In measuring the successful implementation of the Kotaku program policy in the Pannampu sub-district, researchers used the theory of public policy implementation put forward by G. Shabbir Cheema and Dennis Rondinelli. Further discussion regarding the implementation parameters of the Kotaku program policy can be seen from the discussion of the variables used by researchers as guidelines.

Environmental Conditions
Based on the overall results of the research findings through an interview process with several actors involved regarding environmental condition variables which are considered not to have been implemented properly where the slum indicators are used as parameters to determine the slums of an area, namely buildings, environmental roads, drinking water supply, environmental drainage, water management waste, waste management, and fire protection.
Every policy implementation is never separated from inhibiting and supporting factors. The inhibiting factors in the implementation of the Kotaku program are from the planning process to the implementation of activities such as the existence of community sectoral egos to designate their area as a point of activity, excavation of hardened drainage waste, many buildings that violate and there are some people who are not willing to back down or dismantle when there is physical implementation around their home area, as well as the difficulty of intervening with the community in several activity items. However, these inhibiting factors can be overcome by determining the location of activity items based on high damage scores. The building that violates it is issued a certificate issued by BPN.

Relations Between Organizations
Based on the information obtained from the interview results above, it can be concluded that the organizations involved at the government level are related agencies such as the Makassar City Public Works Service and the Housing and Settlement Area Office. Meanwhile, at the implementing level, namely the City Coordinator for the Kotaku program, and the Community Self-Reliance Agency (BKM) which was formed through consensus deliberations and the BKM formed a Community Self-Help Group (KSM). The KSM formed by the BKM consisted of 3 KSMs in terms of taking care of each segment of activity items at the ward level. Furthermore, communication and coordination are carried out routinely as a form of performance evaluation and discussion of obstacles that occur in the field to obtain solutions. With community-based empowerment, Kotaku's program is timely, namely development that starts from the bottom and is right on target, namely urban slum areas.
The clarity and consistency of the target of the Kotaku program is the urban slum area. In accordance with the statements of the informants and from the observations of researchers, the Kotaku program has been right on target, namely community-based and timely empowerment, namely development that starts from the bottom, urban slum areas. The criteria included in interorganizational relations based on the theory of G. Shabbir Cheema and Dennis Rondinelli (1981) in the implementation of the Kotaku program in the Pannampu sub-district have been well implemented.

Organizational Resources
Based on the theory of G. Shabbir Cheema and Dennis Rondinelli with the results of research on organizational resources in implementing the Kotaku program in Makassar City, it is considered well implemented, this is indicated by the human resources directly involved in the implementation and embracing community participation are the Community Self-Reliance Agency (BKM) which then forms three Community Self-Help Groups (KSM) which will handle certain segments of activity items. In this case, KSM Rapih, KSM Bersinar, and KSM Indah. Meanwhile, the financial resources allocated for Kotaku vary for each village depending on the size of the slum area and its utilization. apart from that the KOTAKU program can run well because there are sources supporting the implementation of the Kotaku program policies including facilities and infrastructure. Based on the statements of the informants, the facilities and infrastructure used in the implementation of the Kotaku program were not obtained from the assistance of the relevant agencies, but the purchase of materials and tools from the initial budget disbursement or the community was self-help to lend the equipment needed.

Characteristics and Capabilities of Executing Agents
G. Shabbir Cheema and Dennis Rondinelli (1983)stated that the character and expertise possessed by the implementor will affect program implementation. The characteristics and capabilities of the executing agency consist of technical skills, ability to coordinate internal communications. Therefore, it is important to improve the quality of human resources in implementing policies so that the characteristics and capabilities of implementing agents can adapt to existing conditions and rules.
Based on the results of interviews with some of the informants above, it can be concluded that in order to improve the ability of implementers, in this case the BKM and the community involved in the work, training is carried out both administratively, financially and technically for implementation in the field. The form of supervision is carried out by visiting the location when carrying out activities or monitoring and evaluation. The city coordinator acts as an activity controller, which means ensuring that the planned activities can be carried out. The team of facilitators who provide community education, provide training related to slums. BKM as the executor directly in the field. Relevant agencies contribute both physically and non-physically (socialization speakers) (Aslinda & Ibrahim, 2014) Based on the four indicators of successful implementation of the Kotaku Program in Makassar City, the Kotaku program has been implemented well, although there are still deficiencies in its implementation. There is one variable that is included in the unfavorable criteria, namely environmental conditions. The other three variables are included in the good criteria.

CONCLUSION
Based on the research that has been done, it can be concluded that the implementation of the Kotaku Program in Makassar City has been implemented. Of the four variable parameters of good implementation success, three variables are good and one variable is poor. The research variables are as follows: 1. Environmental conditions are not good, from a physical perspective, there are achievements in reducing slum areas in urban villages in Makassar. However, there has been no change in the socio-cultural community in the Macassar sub-district regarding the alleviation of slum settlements. 2. Relations between organizations are going well, in this case the actors involved are trying to strengthen institutions through communication channels and coordinating the implementation of the Kotaku program in the Makassar sub-district. 3. Organizational resources are running well. The implementation of the Kotaku program in the Makassar sub-district has been supported by qualified human resources. Financial resources are best utilized in accordance with the urgency and needs of the ward. As for facilities and infrastructure, use the initial disbursement of funds as the procurement of tools to support implementation or self-help borrowing tools from the community. 4. The Characteristics and Skills of the Executing Agent are going well, in this case the executors in this case the BKM and the community involved in the work are given training both administratively, financially and technically for implementation in the field.
Based on the description above, recommendations for suggestions from researchers are as follows: The implementation of the Kotaku program in Makassar City as an effort to eradicate urban slums still needs to develop types of activity items that suit the needs of the people in Makassar City; The need for a strategy in maintaining Kotaku inventory such as DAMKAR in Makassar City so that it can be utilized properly. 3. It is hoped that the people in Makassar City will guard and maintain it with full awareness so that their area does not become a slum area again.