Implementation of Rural Infrastructure Development in Pohuwato Regency

This study aims to determine the role of the village government in improving the welfare of the people of Bulili Village, Duhiadaa District, Pohuwato Regency. The research approach uses descriptive research. Informants were the village head, village head, BPD chairman, LPM Chair, village treasurer and Bulili village community leaders. The results showed that the Bulili Village Government in improving community welfare carried out three programs such as: 1) an increase in agricultural production programs planning assistance that would improve the economy of Bulili villagers such as providing rice seeds, corn seeds, tractor assistance, hansplayer assistance (tengki), assistance fertilizer, and PNPM assistance, 2) program to increase livestock production, namely the collaboration of district governments, sub-district governments and village governments in the form of providing assistance for productive superior cow and productive goat seeds to cattle farmers in the Bulili village community formed by Bulili village government. 3) development of village livestock agribusiness, which is to form a group of livestock farmers who are given the assistance of productive cow and goat seeds to each group to be managed.


INTRODUCTION
Based on Village Law No. 6/2014, it is explained that Villages are customary villages and villages or what are called by other names, hereinafter referred to as Villages, are legal community units that have territorial boundaries that are authorized to regulate and manage government affairs, interests of the local community based on community initiatives, origin rights, and / or traditional rights that are recognized and respected in the government system of the Indonesian Republican Unitary State ".
Village authority is reflected in Article 18 of Law Number 6 Year 2014 which covers the authority in the field of Implementation of Village Government, implementation of Village Development, Village Community development, and empowerment of Village communities based on community initiatives, origin rights, and village customs. In Article 78 it is said that village development aims to improve the welfare of the village community, the quality of human life and poverty alleviation through meeting basic needs, building village facilities and infrastructure, developing local economic potential, as well as sustainable use of natural and environmental resources.
Development aims to create a just and prosperous society that is materially and spiritually equitable based on Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution. Further provisions elaborated in the Minister of Home Affairs Regulation No. 114 of 2014 concerning Village Development Guidelines, Village Development are efforts to improve the quality of life and life to the magnitude of the welfare of the village community (Ang, 2019;Jaeger, Röjvik, & Berglund, 2015;Salemink & Strijker, 2018;Satyal, 2018). In its implementation, village development always pays attention to the principles of development, among other things, that all efforts and development activities must provide the greatest benefit for humanity, for the improvement of people's welfare and for the personal development of the community.
One form of State recognition to the Village is the provision and distribution of Village Funds sourced from the State Revenue and Expenditure Budget (APBN). In the 2016 fiscal year the priority of using the Village Fund is still prioritized to fund programs or activities in the field of implementation of village development and empowerment of rural communities. One important instrument in development that must be provided by the government is the availability of infrastructure (Saggaf, Salam, Kahar, & Akib, 2014;Salam, Rosdiana, Suarlin, & Akib, 2014). Infrastructure is a basic need of the community that must be fulfilled to support the social and economic activities of the community (Admiraal, Sequeira, McHenry, & Doepel, 2017;Aleixo, Pena, Heller, & Rezende, 2019;Bouabid & Louis, 2015;Makarewicz, Adkins, Frei, & Wennink, 2018;Narayanan, Rajan, Jebaraj, & Elayaraja, 2017;Rehak, Senovsky, Hromada, & Lovecek, 2019). The success of a development is the result of the success of a plan, so one measure of the success of regional autonomy can be seen from development, such as fulfilling infrastructure development for the community (Ahmadabadi & Heravi, 2019;Fu et al., 2018;Ika & Donnelly, 2017).
Pelambane village government in improving the accessibility of development, in order to smooth economic activities and improve the welfare of the village community, continues to optimize its development both in terms of infrastructure and superstructure, and fixing abandoned public services. The program that is of more concern to the village government is the improvement of roads and bridges as the main means of transportation for the community. With the fulfillment of the basic needs of rural infrastructure, it is expected that adequate levels of households can meet the requirements for decent living.
In the implementation of village development in Pelambane, the village head was assisted by the village apparatus as an element of village administration. Based on the Palambane Village Medium Term Development Plan 'current tenure of the village head, namely 2016-2021. Therefore, the focus of the research is the implementation of 2017 budget based development (RKP) that has been implemented.
Based on the research of the author, data is obtained that the achievement of development performance in the village of Palambane is still not maximal, one of which can be seen from the lack of transparency in the use of the budget by the village government, and the general condition of existing infrastructure which is still inadequate especially in road infrastructure which has been damaged and most of them are still land that is difficult to pass.
Based on this, the government compiled the Government Work Plan for the fiscal year 2018 in table 1. The Indonesian Budget (Indonesian abbreviation: APBN) Regional Government Budget (Indonesian abbreviation: APBD) Data source: Government Work Plan (Indonesian abbreviation: RKP) Palambane Village, 2018 Table 1 shows that the focus of development in Pelambane Village in 2018 is road, bridge and irrigation infrastructure. This is because the road conditions which are the main means of land transportation in Pelambane Village are not sufficient. With the construction of road and bridge infrastructure, the Pelambane Village Government hopes that the community can use it to facilitate their daily activities, such as doing mobility, marketing their agricultural products, transporting their agricultural products to be easier etc.
In addition, table 1 shows that out of the 10 development planning activities in the 2018 budget year, everything has been implemented but the results have not yet been maximized, road works are still not in line with expectations. which has not been corrected, this shows the need for an increase in government in development. The implementation of infrastructure development in Pelambane Village has not been maximized, because the development is adjusted to the availability of funds. Funds for development in Pelambane Village use APBN and APBD funds of Rp. 758,010,959.

METHOD
This research was conducted in Pelambane Village, Randangan Subdistrict, Pohuwato Regency, Gorontalo Province. The type of research used is descriptive with a qualitative approach that is a form of research that focuses on the actual problems or phenomena at the time of the research and describes the facts about the problem being investigated as followed by accurate interruptions (Creswell & Creswell, 2017). The technique of determining informants in this study was purposive sampling, namely determining the informant as a source of data based on certain considerations. The informants in this study were 12 people consisting of: Randangan Camat, Pelambane Village Head, Village Secretary, Chairman of Pelambane BPD, and Pelambane Village community leaders.
As for some data collection techniques in this study, namely: 1) Observation, namely the data retrieval process in research where researchers or observers by observing conditions relating to the object of research, 2) Interview, is a conversation process with a specific purpose. This conversation was carried out by two parties in the form of question and answer to a number of informants to obtain information and ideas that are closely related to this research and, 3) Library research, namely by reading books, documents, laws, and information media others related to the implementation of infrastructure development in the pelambane village, Randangan Sub-District, Pohuwato Regency.
Data analysis is an activity of grouping, making a sequence, increasing data so that it is easy to make a description. In accordance with the research method, the data analysis technique used in this study uses qualitative techniques. That qualitative analysis is an analysis of the data obtained based on the reasoning ability of researchers in connecting facts, data and information (Creswell & Creswell, 2017).  (1), namely improving the welfare of rural communities and the quality of human life and poverty alleviation through meeting basic needs, developing village facilities and infrastructure, developing local economic potential and sustainable use of natural and environmental resources. In essence village development is carried out by the community together with the government, especially in providing guidance, direction, assistance in guidance, and supervision so that community capacity can be increased in an effort to improve their living standards and welfare.

RESULT AND DISCUSSION
As a guideline for implementing Village Development, guidelines for implementing Village Development are outlined in number 114 of the 2014 Domestic Regulation on Village Development Guidelines. According to article 78, the stages in village development consist of village development planning, implementation of village development, and supervision and monitoring of village development.

Infrastructure Development Planning
Village development planning is the process of the stages of activities organized by the village government by involving the Village Consultative Body and community elements in a participatory manner to utilize and allocate village resources in order to achieve village development goals. In the preparation of development planning, it must be long-term, covering the Village Medium-Term Development Plan (RPJMDes) for a period of 6 (six) years, which means that village development planning has fulfilled the expected objectives. And in the operational implementation it is described in the annual work plan in the form of the Village Government Work Plan (RKPDes).
Based on the results of the research and findings of the researchers in the field, it was found that the proposed priority programs and development activities were outlined in the draft list of Village RKP proposals and then the Village Head held a Village development planning discussion to discuss and agree on the draft Village RKP. The substance of village planning includes setting priorities, programs, activities, and village development needs funded by the APB Desa, discussed in the musrenbangdes.
In the preparation of development planning, the Pelambane Village community can play a role and participate in its preparation. The forum for community participation in village planning is in the form of village development planning deliberations. In the implementation of development, it involves all members of the Village community through a discussion forum. The meeting itself starts from the hamlet deliberations to conceptualize the needs of the community in each hamlet, then continues to the Village meeting to develop the development plan, and finally to the Musrembangdes to discuss the design and agreement.
Furthermore, in development planning in Pelambane village using a bottom up planning model. This planning model was developed starting with an introduction to the needs of the community directly, so that people feel the direct impact of the development. This planning model is also an effort to involve all parties from the beginning, so that every decision taken in planning is a joint decision, and encourages full involvement and commitment to implement it. This plan is carried out where the community plays a role in the provision of initial ideas up to the program evaluation that has been carried out, while the government is only a facilitator in the course of the program.
In the Village Consultation and Deliberation meetings the Village development plan in Pelambane Village is still lacking. Socialization in participatory development is still very lacking, because there has not been seen more effort from the parties that are obliged to involve the community in the musrenbangdes, in this case only a portion of the community is involved. the cause of the lack of community participation during the Village meeting was the way he thought, where the community considered that the hamlet head and some communities were sufficient to represent all elements of the community.

Implementation of Infrastructure Development in Pelambane Village
The implementation of village development is carried out by the village government by involving all village communities with a spirit of mutual cooperation. Therefore, in the implementation of the strategy must be carried out which views the community not only as an object but also as a subject of development that is able to set goals, control resources and direct the development process to improve its standard of living.
The process of implementing infrastructure development in the village of Pelambane was carried out after the establishment of the Village RKP the village head set the Chairperson of the Activity Management Team (TPK), then jointly prepared a work plan as outlined in the work plan format to be determined by the Village Head's decision. The Village Head informs the Village RKP document, APB Desa and work plans for the community through the dissemination of activities. But based on the findings of the researchers it was found that the dissemination of activities carried out in Pelambane Village was not in accordance with the existing regulations. As stated in Permendagri number 114 of 2014 concerning Village development guidelines article 59 explains, the Village Head informs the Village RKP document, APB Desa and work plans for the community through the dissemination of activities. The socialization carried out by the Pelambane village government is only limited to the information on one development activity that will be carried out to the hamlet concerned.
The Pelambane village government is still lacking in socializing activities, even though the socialization can be carried out, among others through deliberations on village activities, hamlet meetings, group discussions, website-based village information systems, village information boards, and other media according to the conditions of the village. Another thing that needs to be considered in the socialization in Pelambane Village is that the community does not know the contents of the Village RKP document and Village PPE. In addition, the use of funds by the Government in Pelambane Village is unknown to the local community. Nevertheless the community does not seem to care about the situation. The habit of people who are less concerned with the implementation of development whose transparency must be changed. Such circumstances will benefit irresponsible parties.
Then the next development in the 2018 budget year is in fact not enough to help improve the conditions in Pelambane Village, especially for community land transportation facilities. There are still many roads leading to people's homes in the form of land so most of them have to walk to do their activities. Based on the analysis of the author in general the implementation of development in Pelambane Village still has not overcome the problems that exist in Pelambane Village. The implementation of the activities that have been carried out in 2018 still has a positive impact on the existing communities. Nevertheless the Government of Pelambane Village needs to improve its development, especially road infrastructure to open up the smoothness of land transportation for the community.

Infrastructure Development Supervision in Pelambane Village
Supervision is an effort so that something is carried out in accordance with established regulations and instructions and those that have been issued. Viewed from the more loose side of supervision in terms of managerial supervision, it is an activity to ensure that the implementation is in accordance with the plan. Such supervision is one of the functions in the management process that includes the interpretation and development of implementation standards, measuring actual implementation, evaluating implementation and corrective actions if the implementation differs from the plan.
One method of supervision carried out on the implementation of development in Pelambane village is through surveys, monitoring, and evaluation. The survey was carried out before starting construction, then monitoring when the temporary construction was running around 50% and Evaluation when the construction was carried out 100%. The supervision was carried out by a team based on the Decree of the Regent who left. The results of the supervision found that the development in Pelambane village specifically had been carried out in accordance with the recapitulation of the existing budget plan (RAB) "the implementation of the construction for the 2018 fiscal year was in accordance with the existing RAB. Apart from the local government, the local community is also the supervisor of the implementation of development activities. In accordance with the Village Law No. 6 of 2014 said that the monitoring of village development by the village community was carried out at the stages of the village development planning and the stages of implementation of the village development.
In addition, supervision and monitoring of infrastructure development in Pelambane village is carried out by the Pelambane village BPD, this is intended because the essence of BPD supervision in implementing village development is to seek or ensure the implementation of development program plans in the village can run as planned, and if there are deviations or errors will be able to know how far the deviation or error is and what causes it, and then corrective or corrective actions are taken. The supervision of the BPD in the implementation of village development works in such a way that there is always a match between the implementation of the village development plan or program and what has been stipulated in the original plan. The supervision of the results of development in Pelambane village according to the BPD has been good, even though it has not been maximized, due to various kinds of obstacles but the Pelambane village government has tried to improve it so that in the future all shortcomings can be minimized.

CONCLUSION
In general, the development in Pelambane Village is in accordance with applicable regulations. However, in the implementation of infrastructure development in Pelambane Village it still needs to be improved in terms of its implementation in the 2018 budget year, there are still several obstacles that are experienced, such as: It is in accordance with the priorities and needs of the surrounding community. 2) In the 2018 budget year that was implemented only 10 programs were conditioned with available funds. In this stage the implementation of community participation is still lacking, which only participates in part of the community that is paid to carry out development activities. And 3) supervision and development The Regional Government has supervised the government of the Village of Pelambane, but the supervision carried out by the community is still limited, for example, it is limited to physical participation without having a broad role from planning to evaluation.